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Sains Malaysiana 52(5)(2023):
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5205-02
Keupayaan Aplikasi Indeks Spektrum dalam Penentuan Perubahan Pantai (Applicability of Spectral Indices in Determination of Coastal Changes)
SARAVANAKKUMAR
NACHIMUTHU & MUZZNEENA AHMAD MUSTAPHA*
Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 17 Jun
2022/Diterima: 5 Mei 2023
Abstrak
Pantai penting dalam
menyediakan pelbagai perkhidmatan ekosistem. Garis pantai berubah secara
dinamik dan analisis perubahan garis pantai berupaya dilakukan oleh teknologi
penderiaan jauh dan GIS. Tujuan kajian ini adalah mengukur keupayaan indeks
spektrum seperti Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dan Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) dalam membezakan litupan tanah serta penentuan perubahan garis pantai di
pantai barat, Johor antara tahun 2000 dan 2020. Penyelidikan ini dijalankan
dengan analisis data imej satelit Landsat 7 ETM+ (2000) dan Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS
(2020) menggunakan perisian ERDAS dan ArcGIS. Imej indeks spektrum dijana bagi
penentuan garis pantai melalui pengelasan OTSU. Tindan lapis imej dibuat bagi
menentukan perubahan garis pantai. Penggunaan indeks spektrum dalam kajian ini
menunjukkan bahawa ketiga-tiga indeks spektrum tersebut mampu membezakan air
dan darat dengan berkesan di sepanjang pantai barat Johor. MNDWI didapati mempunyai
ketepatan keseluruhan 99.00% (2000) dan 97.50% (2020) dan nilai Kappa yang
paling tinggi bagi kedua-dua imej satelit Landsat, 0.98 (2000) dan 0.95
(2020). Indeks NDVI dan SAVI mempunyai
ketepatan yang sama iaitu 95.00% (2000) dan 96.50% (2020) dan nilai Kappa sama
sebanyak 0.90 (2000) dan 0.93 (2020). Pantai barat, Johor telah mengalami pengurangan pantai sebanyak 583.48
hektar dan penambahan 846.85 hektar. Pengurangan yang lebih tinggi diperhatikan
di sepanjang pantai Batu Pahat dan Pontian manakala garis pantai di pantai
utara Pontian menunjukkan jumlah penambahan yang sangat tinggi. Kajian ini
dapat memanfaatkan pihak berkepentingan dengan memberi status perubahan garis
pantai terkini untuk mengambil langkah yang berkesan bagi pembangunan dan pengurusan
pantai.
Kata kunci: Indeks spektrum; Landsat; pantai barat Johor; perubahan garis pantai
Abstract
Coast is
essential in providing wide range of ecosystem services. Shorelines change
dynamically, and analysing shoreline changes can be conducted with Remote
sensing and GIS technologies. This study aims to measure applicability of
spectral indices of Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI),
Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Soil Adjusted Vegetation
Index (SAVI) to distinguish land cover classes and determine coastline changes
on west coast of Johor between 2000 and 2020. This study analysed satellite
image data obtained from Landsat 7 ETM+ (2000) and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (2020)
using ERDAS and ArcGIS software. Spectral index images were generated for
shoreline determination through OTSU classification. Image overlays are created
to determine shoreline changes. The use of spectral indices showed that the
three spectral indexes could effectively distinguish water and land along west
coast of Johor. MNDWI had an overall accuracy of 99.00% (2000) and 97.50%
(2020) and highest Kappa value for both Landsat satellite images, 0.98 (2000)
and 0.95 (2020). The NDVI and SAVI indices have the same accuracy of 95.00%
(2000) and 96.50% (2020) and Kappa value of 0.90 (2000) and 0.93 (2020). The
west coast of Johor has experienced a reduction of 583.48 hectares of coastline
and accretion of 846.85 hectares. Higher reduction was observed along Batu Pahat and Pontian coasts,
while the shoreline on the north shore of Pontian showed a very high amount of
accretion. This study can benefit stakeholders by giving the status of the
latest coastline changes in implementing effective coastal development and
management measures.
Keywords: Landsat; shoreline change; spectral index; west coast Johor
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: muzz@ukm.edu.my
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