Sains Malaysiana 51(1)(2022): 307-313

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5101-25

Metal Contamination and Stability of Household Bleach and Specially-Formulated Sodium Hypochlorite for Endodontic Use

(Pelumusan Logam dan Kestabilan Peluntur Isi Rumah dan Natrium Hipoklorit Dirumus Khas untuk Kegunaan Endodontik)

AFIQ AZIZI JAWAMI¹, EASON SOO¹*, DALIA ABDULLAH¹, AMY KIA CHEEN LIEW² & MARIATI ABD RAHMAN³

¹Department for Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²Department for Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

³Department for Diagnostic Craniofacial and Bio Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 3 Mei 2021/Diterima: 27 Ogos 2021

ABSTRACT

The aims of this in vitro study were to investigate metal contamination and short-term stability of two types of household bleach and a specially-formulated sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for endodontic use. The first part of the study was to compare traces of metal elements (Cu, Fe and Ni) between the two types of household bleach (Clorox and Milton) and a specially-formulated NaOCl (CanalPro^TM 3% NaOCl, Coltene, Whaledent)) using UV spectrophotometer. The second part of the study was to compare the available chlorine and pH of these different NaOCl formulations at different temperatures. Chemical stability of the NaOCl was assessed by measuring the amount of free available chlorine (FAC) using the iodometric titration assay at the temperature of 15, 30, 45, and 60 °C. The pH of the solutions was measured using calibrated pH meter. The results showed that Milton contained significantly higher concentration of Cu, Fe and Ni compared with the other formulations (P < 0.001). Concentrations of Fe detected in Clorox and CanalPro were higher than in the control, distilled water (P < 0.05). In all NaOCl samples, the concentration of available chlorine increased with temperature. Concomitantly, there was a significant decrease in pH with increasing temperature (P < 0.001) with all the NaOCl formulations. In conclusion, traces of metal remnants could be observed in all the NaOCl formulations, especially in Milton. Heating the NaOCl increases the FAC and decreases its pH.

Keywords: Free available chlorine; metal element; pH; sodium hypochlorite

ABSTRAK

Kajian in vitro ini adalah untuk mengkaji pelumusan logam dan kestabilan jangka pendek larutan sodium hipoklorit (NaOCl) pemutih isi rumah berbanding NaOCl yang dirumus khas untuk digunakan dalam rawatan endodontik. Bahagian pertama kajian ini bertujuan membandingkan unsur-unsur logam (Cu, Fe dan Ni) antara NaOCl pemutih isi rumah (Clorox dan Milton) dan NaOCl yang dirumus khas untuk rawatan endodontik (CanalPro) dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV. Bahagian kedua kajian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kepekatan klorin bebas tersisa dan nilai pH antara NaOCl pemutih isi rumah dan NaOCl yang dirumus khas pada suhu yang berbeza. Kestabilan larutan NaOCl dinilai dengan mengukur kepekatan klorin bebas tersisa menggunakan ujian pentitratan iodometrik. Kemudian, pH larutan diukur menggunakan pH meter pada suhu 15 °C, 30 °C, 45 °C dan 60 °C. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan larutan Milton mengandungi kepekatan Cu, Fe dan Ni yang ketara berbanding dengan larutan lain (P < 0.001). Kepekatan Fe yang didapati di dalam Clorox dan CanalPro adalah lebih daripada air suling (P < 0.05), tetapi kepekatan tersebut adalah kurang daripada yang terkandung dalam Milton (P < 0.001). Dalam semua sampel, kepekatan klorin bebas tersisa meningkat dengan pertambahan suhu. Pada masa yang sama, pH menurun dengan kenaikan suhu (P < 0.001). Kesimpulannya, kesan sisa logam dapat diperhatikan dalam larutan pemutih isi rumah dan larutan NaOCl yang dirumus khas untuk kegunaan endodontik, terutamanya dalam Milton. Pemanasan larutan NaOCl meningkatkan kepekatan klorin bebas tersisa dan mengurangkan nilai pH.

Kata kunci: Klorin bebas tersisa; pH; sodium hipoklorit; unsur logam

RUJUKAN

Abou-Rass, M. & Oglesby, S.W. 1981. The effects of temperature, concentration, and tissue type on the solvent ability of sodium hypochlorite. Journal of Endodontics 7(8): 376-377.

Clarkson, R.M. & Moule, A.J. 1998. Sodium hypochlorite and its use as an endodontic irrigant. Australian Dental Journal 43(4): 1-7.

Clarkson, R.M., Moule, A.J. & Podlich, H.M. 2001. The shelf-life of sodium hypochlorite irrigating solutions. Australian Dental Journal 46(4): 269-276.

Coltene.  2018. CanalPro Brochure. Switzerland: Coltène/Whaledent AG.

Frais, S., Ng, Y.L. & Gulabivala, K. 2001. Some factors affecting the concentration of available chlorine in commercial sources of sodium hypochlorite. International Endodontic Journal 34(3): 206-215.

Gambarini, G., De Luca, M. & Gerosa, R. 1998. Chemical stability of heated sodium hypochlorite endodontic irrigants. Journal of Endodontics 24(6): 432-434.

Giardino, L., Mohammadi, Z., Beltrami, R., Poggio, C., Estrela, C. & Generali, L. 2016. Influence of temperature on the antibacterial activity of sodium hypochlorite. Brazilian Dental Journal 27(1): 32-36.

Jungbluth, H., Peters, C., Peters, O., Sener, B. & Zehnder, M. 2012. Physicochemical and pulp tissue dissolution properties of some household bleach brands compared with a dental sodium hypochlorite solution. Journal of Endodontics 38(3): 372-375.

Jungbluth, H., Marending, M., De-Deus, G., Sener, B. & Zehnder, M. 2011. Stabilizing sodium hypochlorite at high pH: Effects on soft tissue and dentin. Journal of Endodontics 37(5): 693-696.

Odyssey Manufacturing Company. 2007. Sodium Hypochlorite - General Information for the Consumer. Florida.

Powell Fabrication & Manufacturing, Inc. 2015. Sodium Hypochlorite General Information Handbook. Michigan.

Rossi-Fedele, G., Guastalli, A.R., Dogramaci, E.J., Steier, L. & De Figueiredo, J.A.P. 2011. Influence of pH changes on chlorine-containing endodontic irrigating solutions. International Endodontic Journal 44(9): 792-799.

Senia, E.S., Marshall, F.J. & Rosen, S. 1971. The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on pulp tissue of extracted teeth. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 31(1): 96-103.

Siqueira, J.F., Rqas, N. & Favieri, A. 2000. Chemomechanical reduction of the bacterial population in the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with 1%, hypochlorite. Journal of Endodontics 26(6): 331-334.

Sirtes, G., Waltimo, T., Schaetzle, M. & Zehnder, M. 2005. The effects of temperature on sodium hypochlorite short-term stability, pulp dissolution capacity, and antimicrobial efficacy. Journal of Endodontics 31(9): 669-671.

Stojicic, S., Zivkovic, S., Qian, W., Zhang, H. & Haapasalo, M. 2010. Tissue dissolution by sodium hypochlorite: Effect of concentration, temperature, agitation, and surfactant. Journal of Endodontics 36(9): 1558-1562.

The Chlorine Institute. 2011. Sodium Hypochlorite Manual. 4th ed. Virginia.

USEPA. 2018. 2018 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Tables. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Wright, P.P., Kahler, B. & Walsh, L.J. 2017. Alkaline sodium hypochlorite irrigant and its chemical interactions. Materials 29(10): 1-8.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: eswsoo@gmail.com