Sains Malaysiana 50(1)(2021): 239-251
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5001-23
Effect of Sulfur on
Nitrogen-Containing Plasma Polymers in Promoting Osteogenic Differentiation of
Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells
(Kesan Sulfur ke atas Polimer Plasma yang Mengandungi Nitrogen dalam Mempromosi Pembezaan Osteogen Sel Stem Mesenkima Jeli Wharton)
KIM
SHYONG SIOW1*, ARIFAH RAHMAN1, AMNANI AMINUDDIN2 &
PEI YUEN NG2
1Institute of Microengineering
and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Drug and Herbal Research
Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala
Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 11 April 2020/Diterima: 14 Jun 2020
ABSTRACT
The role of sulfur and its
synergistic effects with nitrogen moieties in mediating stem cell proliferation
and differentiation has become of interest to the tissue engineering community
due to chemical similarities with the glycosaminoglycans found in human tissues
and cells. Glycosaminoglycans are biomolecules known to influence stem cell
differentiation, but the roles of sulfur with
different oxidation states on nitrogen-containing polymers have not been fully
understood nor investigated. In this study, we used the plasma polymerization
of 1,7-octadiene (ppOD), n-heptylamine (ppHA), ppHA grafted with
vinyl-sulfonate via Michael-type addition (ppHA-SO3), thiophene (ppT), and ppT with air plasma treatment (ppT-air)
to produce controlled amounts of nitrogen and sulfur moieties having different oxidation states, as confirmed by x-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy. Assays of the proliferation and osteogenic activities of
Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) showed the highest activities
for ppHA, followed by ppHA-SO3, due to
high percentages of amines/amides and the absence of SO3 moieties in ppHA. Other plasma polymers showed less proliferation
and osteogenic differentiation than the positive control (glass substrate);
however, WJ-MSCs grown on ppT-air with its high
percentages of SO4 displayed cytoskeletons intensified with actin
stress fiber, unlike the thiol-dominated ppT. Finally, the presence of methyl
groups in ppOD severely limited WJ-MSCs proliferation and
differentiation. Overall, these results confirm the beneficial effects
of amine/amide groups on WJ-MSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation,
but the combination of these groups with sulfur of
various oxidation states failed to further enhance such cellular activities.
Keywords: Amine-amide; osteogenic
differentiation; plasma polymerization; plasma treatment; sulfonate-sulfate
ABSTRAK
Peranan sulfur dan kesan sinerginya dengan molekul nitrogen dalam pertumbuhan dan pembezaan sel stem telah mendapat perhatian komuniti kejuruteraan tisu kerana persamaan kimianya dengan glikosaminoglikan yang terdapat di dalam tisu dan sel manusia. Glikosaminoglikan dikenali sebagai biomolekul yang dapat mempengaruhi pembezaan sel stem. Walau bagaimanapun, peranan sulfur yang mempunyai tahap pengoksidaan yang berbeza di dalam polimer yang mengandungi nitrogen masih kurang difahami. Justeru, kajian ini menggunakan pempolimeran plasma 1,7-oktadiena (ppOD), n-heptilamina (ppHA), ppHA yang dicantum dengan vinil-sulfonat melalui penambahan Michael (ppHA-SO3), tiofena (ppT) dan ppT dengan rawatan plasma udara (ppT-udara) untuk menghasilkan moieti nitrogen dan sulfur yang mempunyai keadaan pengoksidaan yang berbeza yang dikenal pasti dengan spektroskopi fotoelektron x-ray. ppHA menunjukkan aktiviti pertumbuhan dan pembahagian osteogen sel stem mesenkima jeli Wharton (WJ-MSC) yang paling tinggi diikuti oleh ppHA-SO3. Keputusan ini berpunca daripada kandungan peratusan amina/amida yang tinggi dan ketiadaan moieti SO3 dalam salutan ppHA. Manakala, polimer plasma lain menunjukkan aktiviti pertumbuhan dan pembahagian osteogen WJ-MSC
yang rendah berbanding dengan kawalan positif (substrat kaca). Walau bagaimanapun, ppT-udara yang mengandungi peratusan SO4 yang tinggi menunjukkan pertumbuhan WJ-MSC dengan sitoskeletonnya diperkuat dengan gentian tegangan aktin berbanding dengan ppT yang mempunyai kandungan tiol yang tinggi. Selain itu, ppOD menunjukkan pengurangan yang ketara dalam aktiviti pertumbuhan dan pembahagian osteogen WJ-MSC disebabkan oleh kehadiran kumpulan metil. Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini membuktikan bahawa kumpulan amina/amida mampu memberi kesan yang positif dalam pertumbuhan dan pembahagian osteogen WJ-MSC. Namun demikian, kombinasi kumpulan amina/amida dengan sulfur yang mengandungi pelbagai keadaan pengoksidaan gagal untuk meningkatkan akitiviti sel.
Kata kunci: Amina-amida; pembahagian osteogen; pempolimeran plasma; rawatan plasma; sulfonat-sulfat
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat;
email: kimsiow@ukm.edu.my
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