Sains
Malaysiana 50(12)(2021): 3505-3522
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5012-04
The
Provenance and Tectonic Settings of the Greywacke Member of the Late Neoproterozoic
Hazara Formation Lesser Himalayas, Northern Pakistan: Evidence from
Geochemistry and Petrography
(Penentuan
dan Tektonik Ahli Grewake Provenans
Formasi Hazara Neoproterozoik Akhir Himalaya, Utara Pakistan: Bukti daripada
Geokimia dan Petrografi)
QAMAR UZ ZAMAN DAR1, PU
RENHAI1*, ZULQARNAIN SAJID2, MUBASHIR MEHMOOD3,
ABDUL WAHAB4, MUHAMMAD JEHANGIR KHAN5 & TAJJAMAL
LATIF5
1Department of Geology,
Northwest University, 710069 Xi'an, People Republic of China
2Geosciences Department,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan,
Malaysia
3Department of Geology,
Abdul Wali Khan University, 23130 Mardan, Pakistan
4College of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang
Darul Makmur, Malaysia
5Institute of Geology,
University of the Punjab, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
Diserahkan: 4 November 2020/Diterima: 31 Mac 2021
ABSTRACT
The petrographic and geochemical analysis of the greywacke
horizon of the late Neoproterozoic Hazara Formation from the Hazara Mountains
has been investigated to determine the provenance, tectonic settings and
weathering history of the sediments. The Late Neoproterozoic Hazara Formation
is a thick sedimentary sequence comprising of greywacke, shale, argillites,
siltstone, and limestone. The greywackes are characterized by fine to
medium-grained, moderately sorted and sub-angular to sub-rounded framework
grains. They are rich in quartz, lithic fragments and clay minerals. The
petrographic investigation of the greywackes categorized them as feldspathic
greywacke in the QFR diagram. The quartz content is higher in sandstone and may
reach to 70%, which indicates a weathered felsic source. Chemical Index of
Alteration values of greywacke suggests that the source region has experienced
highly weathering conditions with a warm and moist climate. Various geochemical
interpretations, elemental ratios like Th/Sc, La/Sc,Th/Cr, and positive Eu
anomalies indicate that the greywackes of the Hazara formation derived from a
felsic source and were deposited within an active continental margin tectonic
settings. The main source area of the sediments of the greywackes was located
to south to southeast, which may possibly be the Aravali orogeny, central
Indian craton and Bundelkhand craton. Finally, the
geochemical data of the major elements point to a felsic igneous provenance for
the greywacke.
Keywords:
Geochemistry; greywacke; Hazara Formation; late neoproterozoic; petrography
AKSTRAK
Analisis petrografi dan geokimia ufuk greiwake Formasi
Hazara Neoproterozoik akhir dari Pergunungan Hazara telah dikaji untuk
menentukan provenans, tetapan tektonik dan sejarah luluhawa sedimen. Formasi
Hazara neoproterozoik akhir adalah urutan sedimen tebal yang terdiri daripada
grewake, serpih, argilit, batu karang dan batu kapur. Grewake dicirikan oleh
butiran kerangka halus hingga sederhana, tersusun dengan sederhana dan subsudut
hingga subbulat. Ia kaya dengan kuarza, serpihan litik dan mineral tanah liat.
Penyelidikan petrografi grewake mengkategorikannya sebagai grewake felspar
dalam rajah QFR. Kandungan kuarza lebih tinggi dalam batu pasir dan mungkin
mencapai 70%, yang menunjukkan sumber felsik lapuk. Indeks kimia perubahan
nilai grewake menunjukkan bahawa wilayah sumbernya mengalami keadaan cuaca yang
sangat panas dan lembap. Pelbagai tafsiran geokimia, nisbah unsur seperti
Th/Sc, La/Sc, Th/Cr dan anomali Eu positif menunjukkan bahawa grewake
pembentukan Hazara berasal daripada sumber felsik dan disimpan dalam tetapan
tektonik margin benua aktif. Kawasan sumber utama sedimen grewake terletak di
selatan ke tenggara, yang mungkin merupakan orogenesis Aravali, kraton India
tengah dan kraton Bundelkhand. Akhirnya, data geokimia unsur-unsur
utama menunjuk ke arah asal igneus felsik untuk grewake.
Kata kunci: Geokimia; grewake; pembentukan Hazara;
neoproterozoik lewat; petrografi
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