Sains Malaysiana 46(8)(2017): 1279–1284

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4608-13

Antibacterial Activity of Alkaloid Extracts from Ochrosia oppositifolia

(Aktiviti Antibakteria Ekstrak Alkaloid daripada Ochrosia oppositifolia)

PUTERI I.A.M. MAHMUD^1*, W.A. YAACOB¹ & NAZLINA IBRAHIM²

¹School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 27 Julai 2016/Diterima: 3 Januari 2017

ABSTRACT

Ochrosia oppositifolia can be found along the coastline and is locally known as 'Mempelam pasih' or 'Mangga laut'. In this study, the alkaloids from the leaves, stem-bark and roots were extracted and tested for their antibacterial activity. So far, no previous studies have been carried out to determine the antibacterial potential of the extracts. Each extract was tested using disc-diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The highest inhibitory diameters shown by 10 mg/mL extracts of the leaves and stem-bark against Staphylococcus aureus and the roots against MRSA were 10.0±2.8 and 10.5±2.1 and 14.0±2.8 mm. On the other hand, the MIC values exhibited by the leaf and stem-bark extracts against Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella thyphimurium and Serratia marcescens and the root extract against Vibrio fluvialis were 3.75 and 0.94 and 0.12 mg/mL. This study broadens the bioactivity potential of the plant and the information obtained can be utilized for pharmacological purposes.

Keywords: Alkaloid extract; antibacterial activity; disc diffusion; minimum inhibitory concentration; Ochrosia oppositifolia

ABSTRAK

Ochrosia oppositifolia adalah tumbuhan pesisir pantai dan dikenali orang tempatan sebagai 'Mempelam pasih' atau 'Mangga laut'. Dalam kajian ini, alkaloid daripada daun, kulit dan akar diekstrak dan diuji aktiviti antibakteria mereka. Tiada kajian terdahulu yang dijalankan setakat ini bagi menentukan potensi aktiviti ekstrak tersebut. Setiap ekstrak diuji menggunakan kaedah resapan-cakera dan kepekatan perencatan minimum (MIC). Diameter perencatan tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak 10 mg/mL bagi daun dan kulit terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan akar terhadap SARM adalah 10.0±2.8 dan 10.5±2.1 dan 14.0±2.8 mm. Selain itu, nilai MIC yang diperlihatkan oleh ekstrak daun dan kulit terhadapBacillus subtilis, Salmonella thyphimurium dan Serratia marcescens serta ekstrak akar terhadapVibrio fluvialis adalah 3.75 dan 0.94 dan 0.12 mg/mL. Kajian ini memperluaskan potensi bioaktiviti tumbuhan tersebut dan maklumat yang diperoleh dapat digunakan bagi tujuan farmakologi.

Kata kunci: Aktiviti antibakteria; ekstrak alkaloid; kepekatan perencatan minimum; Ochrosia oppositifolia; resapan-cakera

RUJUKAN

Burkhill, I.H. 1966. Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Government of Malaysia and Singapore by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. p. 1597.

CLSI. 2011. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Pennsylvania, United States of America: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. M100-S21.

CLSI. 2009. Clinical and Laboratory Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests. Pennsylvania, United States of America: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. M02-A10.

Culvenor, C.C.J. 1963. A field method for alkaloid screening of plants. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 53: 303-306.

Damintoti, K., Aly, S., Antonella, C., Saydou, Y., Carla, M., Jacques, S., Vittoria, C. & Alfred, S.T. 2005. Antibacterial activity of alkaloids from Sida acuta. Journal of Biotechnology 4(12): 1452-1457.

Doughari, J.H. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of Tamarindus indicaLinn. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 5(2): 597-603.

Gamble, J.S. 1922. Manual of Indian Timbers: An Account of the Growth, Distribution and Uses of the Trees and Shrubs of India and Ceylon, with Description of Their Wood Structure. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company. p. 482.

Gurib, F.A. & Brendler, T. 2004. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Indian Ocean Islands: Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles and Mascarenes. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm.

Hadi, S. & Bremner, J. 2001. Initials studies on alkaloids from Lombok medicinal plants. Molecules 6: 117-129.

Irith, W., Kai, H. & Robert, E.W.H. 2008. Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. Nature Protocols 3: 163-175.

Jennifer, M.A. 2006. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. Brimingham: Department of Microbiology, City Hospital NHS Trust. p. 2-12.

Jonathan, E.K., Anna, K.J. & Johannes, V.S. 2000. Zulu medicinal plants with antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69(3): 241-246.

Jordan, W.H.G. 1965. The Alkaloids of Sandwicensis A. Hawaii: University of Hawaii.

Kakuko, Y., Fumiko, A., Arioki, N., Hikaru, O., Lucio, L.P., Edith, L.V., Elizabeth, E.M., Abigail, A. & Ricardo, R.C. 2005. Antibacterial activity of crude extracts from Mexican medicinal plants and purified coumarins and xanthones. Journal of Ethnopharmacology97: 293-299.

Kartini, A., Noel, F.T., Abdul, H.A.H., Mat, R.M., Khalif, M., Mohd, A.N., Koichi, T., Hiroshi, M., Marc, L., Hiroko, A. & Khalijah, A. 2010. Oppositinines A and B: New vascorelaxtant β-carboline alkaloids from Neisosperma oppositifolia. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 58(8): 1085-1087.

Nasab, M.F. 2012. Chemical Constituents and Antiplasmodial Activity of Indole Alkaloids from Ochrosia oppositifolia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: University of Malaya.

Nasab, M.F., Abdul, H.A.H., Aty, W., Halfatrius, E., Nugroho, C. & Hiroshi, M. 2013. Indole aIkaloids from the stem bark of Ochrosia oppositifolia(Apocynaceae) with antiplasmodial activity. The Japanese Society of Pharmacology 67(2): 65-66.

Neli, L.P., Yogendra, K., Berington, M., Ranjan, K.B. & Santaram, J. 2011. In vitro antibacterial activity of alkaloid extract from stem bark of Mahonia manipurensisTakeda. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 5(5): 859-861.

Nikaido, H. & Vaara, M. 1985. Molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability. Microbiological Reviews 1: 1-32.

Masikaa, P.J. & Afolayanb, A.J. 2002. Antimicrobial activity of some plants used for the treatment of livestock disease in eastern cape, South Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology83: 129-134.

Ridley, S.N. 1894. The Concise Flora of Singapore Gymnosperms and Dicotelydons. Singapore: University Press National University of Singapore.

Scherrer, R. & Gerhardt, P. 1971. Molecular sieving by the Bacillus megateriumcell wall and protoplast. Journal Bacteriol107: 718-735.

Scorzoni, L., Benaducci, T., Almeida, A.M.F., Silva, D.H.S., Bolzani, V.S. & Mendes, G.M.J.S. 2007. Comparative study of disk diffusion and microdilution methods for evaluation of antifungal activity of natural compounds against medical yeasts Candida spp and Cryptococcus sp. Journal of Basic and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences 28(1): 25-34.

Stevens, M.G. & Olsen, S.C. 1993. Comparative analysis of using MTT and XTT in colorimetric assays for quantitating bovine neutrophil bactericidal activity. Journal of Immunological Methods 157(1-2): 225-231.

Suhanya, P., Juzaili, B.A., Surash, R., Sabariah, I., Sreenivasan, S., Mohd, I.M.S. & Sharif, M.M. 2009. Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of aqueous, methanolic and alkaloid extracts from Mitragyna speciosa(Rubiaceae Family) leaves. Molecules 14: 3964-3974.

Susiarti, S. 2006. Pengetahuan dan pemanfaatan tumbuhan ubat di Sabong-Pulau Weh, Nangroe Aceh Darussalam. J. Tek. Ling Special Edition: 198-209.

Svobodo, G.H., Poore, G.A. & Montfort, M.L. 1968. Alkaloids of Ochrosia maculate Jacq. (Ochrosia borboricaGmel) isolation of the alkaloid and study of the anti tumor properties of 9-Methoxyellipticine. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 57(10): 1720-1725.

Tonia, R. & Johannes, V.S. 1997. Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for medicinal purposes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 56(1): 81-87.

Van Valkenberg, J.L.C.H. & Bunyapraphatsara, N. 2001. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 12(2). Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. Nordic Journal of Botany 21(6): 580.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: put3ili@gmail.com