Sains Malaysiana 43(2)(2014): 195–201

Penyaringan Aktiviti Biologi Pelbagai Ekstrak dan Polisakarida Cendawan

Amauroderma sp. dari Taman Negeri Royal Belum

(Bioactivity Screening of Various Extracts and Polysaccharide of Local

Mushroom Amauroderma sp. from Royal Belum State Park)

ENDOM ISMAIL¹*, FATIMAH DIANA AMIN NORDIN², FAUZI DAUD¹, MAT RASOL AWANG³ & NAZLINA IBRAHIM¹

¹School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Serdang Hospital, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

³Agensi Nuklear Malaysia, 43000 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 6 Disember 2012/Diterima:  19 Mei 2013

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan penyaringan pelbagai aktiviti biologi menggunakan ekstrak akues rebusan air, ekstrak metanol larut air, ekstrak etanol, ekstrak metanol dan polisakarida miselium cendawan Amauroderma sp. yang diperoleh dari Taman Negeri Royal Belum. Ujian antikanser, antivirus, antibakteria dan antioksida digunakan dalam penyaringan ini. Ujian antikanser dijalankan ke atas sel kanser ovari (CaOV-3) dan sel normal hati Chang dengan tamoxifen digunakan sebagai kawalan. Kesemua nilai IC₅₀ yang diperoleh menunjukkan nilai yang tinggi (400±3.6 - 3950±0.005 μg/mL). Sementara itu, kajian awal penyaringan aktiviti antivirus dimulakan dengan ujian sitotoksisiti ekstrak terhadap sel Vero. Didapati hanya ekstrak rebusan air dan etanol memberi nilai CC₅₀ masing-masing pada kepekatan 6.4±0.3 dan 7.9±1.28 mg/mL. Seterusnya, ujian antivirus menggunakan virus Herpes Simpleks Jenis 1 (HSV-1) yang menjangkiti sel Vero dilakukan dengan dua kaedah iaitu pra-rawat dan pos-rawat. Ekstrak menunjukkan aktiviti yang tidak ketara terhadap HSV-1 bagi kedua-dua kaedah ini. Penyaringan aktiviti antibakteria dilakukan ke atas beberapa jenis bakteria gram negatif dan positif dengan satu siri kepekatan ekstrak; 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 dan 0.625 mg/mL. Kesemua ekstrak tidak menunjukkan aktiviti antibakteria berdasarkan ketiadaan sebarang zon perencatan dalam kesemua piring petri. Walau bagaimanapun, penyaringan antioksida menunjukkan kadar peratusan penyingkiran radikal bebas yang tinggi terutamanya ekstrak etanol iaitu 93.6%. Ini diikuti oleh ekstrak rebusan air (92.65%), metanol (88.83%) serta polisakarida (85.75%). Memandangkan kesemua ekstrak tidak menunjukkan kehadiran aktiviti sitotoksik, antivirus dan antibakteria, tetapi mempunyai aktiviti antioksida yang signifikan, maka bolehlah disimpulkan bahawa pelbagai ekstrak Amauroderma sp. sangat berpotensi secara khusus sebagai komponen nutrisi bersifat antioksidatif.

Kata kunci: Amauroderma sp.; antibakteria; antioksida; antivirus; sitotoksisiti

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to screen for various biological activities using aqueous extract, methanol: water extract, ethanol extract, methanol extract and polysaccharide from mycelium of Amauroderma sp. obtained from Royal Belum State Park. Anticancer, antivirus, antibacterial and antioxidant tests were used in this screening. Anticancer test were done using human ovarian cell line (CaOV-3) and Chang’s normal liver cells with tamoxifen as a control. All IC₅₀ values obtained in this test is high (400±3.6 - 3950±0.005 μg/ml). Meanwhile, early cytotoxic screening for antivirus test were done using Vero cell. Only aqueous and ethanol extract gives corresponding CC₅₀ value at 6.4±0.3 mg/mL and 7.9±1.28 mg/mL. Later on, antivirus test using Type 1 Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infecting Vero cell were conducted with pre and post treatment method. All extracts showed insignificant activity against HSV-1 in these two methods. Antibacterial screening was done using a list of gram negative and positive bacteria using a series of diluted extracts at concentration 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 mg/mL. All tested extracts did not show any antibacterial activity since growth inhibition zone were absent in all petri dish. However, antioxidant test showed high percentage of oxygen radical exclusion’s rate especially by the ethanol extracts i.e. 93.6%. This was followed by aqueous (92.65%), methanol (88.83%) and polysaccharide (85.75%) extracts. Viewing the presence of a significant antioxidative activity with the absence of cytotoxic, antivirus and antibacterial activities for various Amauroderma sp. extracts, it can be concluded that these extracts have specific potential as a natural antioxidative components.

Keywords: Amauroderma sp.; antibacteria; antioxidant; antivirus; cytotoxicity

RUJUKAN

Amakura, Y., Umino, Y., Tsuji, S., Ito, H., Hatano, T., Yoshida, T. & Tonogai, Y. 2002. Constituents and their antioxidative effects in eucalyptus leaf extract used as a natural food additive. J. Food. Chem 77: 47-56.

Eo, S.K., Kim, Y.S., Lee, C.K. & Han, S.S. 1999. Antiviral activities of various water and methanol metanol soluble substances isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 68: 129-136.

Freshney, R.I. 2006. Culture of Cells for Tissue Engineering. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. & Stalpers, J.A. 2008. Dictionary of the Fungi. Edisi ke-10 UK: CAB International.

Kujumgiev, A., Tsvetkova, I., Serkedijeva, Y., Christov, R. & Popov, S. 1999. Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 64: 235-240.

Lee, S.S., Chang, Y.S. & Noraswati, M.N.R. 2009. Utilization of macrofungi by some indigenous communities for food and medicine in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 2062-2065.

Lee, Y.L., Huang, G.W., Liang, Z.C. & Mau, J.L. 2007a. Antioxidant properties of three extracts from Pleurotus ccitrinopileatus. LWT. 40: 823-833.

Lee, Y.L., Yen, M.T. & Mau, J.L. 2007b. Antioxidant properties of various extracts from Hypsizigus marmoreus. Food Chemistry 104: 1-9.

Lien, E.J., Ren, S., Bui, H.H. & Wang, R. 1999. Quantitative structure: Activity relationship analysis of phenolic antioxidants. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 26: 285-294.

Lindequist, U., Niedermeyer, T.H.J. & Julich, W.D. 2005. The pharmacological potential of mushroom. Evid Based Complement Alternative Medicine 2: 285-299.

Liu, D., Hu, Z., Liu, Z., Yang, B., Tu, W. & Li, L. 2009. Chemical composition and antimicrobial of essential oil isolated from the cultured mycelia of Ganoderma japonicum. Journal of Nanjing Medical University 23:168-172.

Liu, J.J., Huang, T.S., Hsu, M.L., Chen, C.C., Lin, W.S., Lu, F.J. & Chang, W.H. 2004a. Antitumor effects of the partially purified polysaccharides from Antrodia camphorata and the mechanism of its action. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 201: 186-193.

Liu, J., Yang, F., Ye, L.B., Yang, X.J., Timani, K.A., Zheng, Y. & Wang, Y.H. 2004b. Possible mode of action of antiherpetic activities of a proteoglycan isolated from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 95: 265-272.

Mat Rasol, A., Mutaat, H.H., Ito, H. & Kume, T. 1998. Selection of microorganisms and fermentation condition of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm press fibre (PPF). Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia 16: 31-40.

Roberts, L.M. 2004. Australian Ganoderma: Identification, Growth and Antibacterial Properties. Thesis PhD. Swinburne University of Technology (unpublished).

Saltarelli, R., Ceccaroli, P., Lotti, M., Zambonelli, A., Buffalini, M., Casadei, L., Vallorani, L. & Stocchi, V. 2009. Biochemical characterisation and antioxidant activity of mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum from Central Italy. Food Chemistry 116: 143-151.

Su, C.T., Hsu, J.T.A., Hsieh, H.P., Lin, P.H., Chen, T.C., Kao, C.L., Lee, C.N. & Chang, S.Y. 2008. Anti-HSV activity of digitoxin and its possible mechanisms. Antiviral Research 79: 62-70.

Tseng, Y.H., Yang, J.W. & Mau, J.L. 2008. Antioxidant properties of polysaccharides, from Ganoderma tsugae. Food Chemistry 107: 732-738.

Venzon, M., Rosado, M.C., Fadini, M.A.M., Ciociola, A.I. & Pallini, A. 2005. The potential of NeemAzal for the control of coffee leaf pests. Crop Protection 24: 213-219.

Wang, Y., Ye, L. & Leung, L.K. 2008. A positive feedback pathway of estrogen biosynthesis in breast cancer cells is contained by resveratrol. Toxicology 248: 130-135.

Wasser, S.P. 2002. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60: 258-274.

Zhao, L., Dong, Y., Chen, G. & Hua, Q. 2010. Extraction, purification, characterization and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydrate Polymers 80: 783-789.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: eismail@ukm.my