Sains Malaysiana 40(10)(2011): 1097–1103

Effects of Aqueous Extract of Prismatomeris glabraRoot on Non-Spatial

Memory in Rats Using Object Discrimination Test

(Kesan Ekstrak Akues Akar Prismatomeris glabrake Atas Memori Bukan RuangTikus Menggunakan Ujian Diskriminasi Objek)

Norazrina Azmi*, Wei-Theng Loh, Siti Suriani Omar & Juriyati Jalil

Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz

50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Aishah Adam

Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 18 Ogos 2010 / Diterima: 14 Januari 2011

ABSTRACT

The aqueous extract of Prismatomeris glabra root has been used traditionally in Malaysia by the aborigines and certain rural Malays for its ergogenic effects, to maintain wellness and to enhance physical stamina. It has also been used as an aphrodisiac for generations in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Previous studies have shown that plants with ergogenic effects may also act as a stimulant and impair cognitive function. Therefore, we seek to investigate the effects of P. glabra on non-spatial memory in male Sprague Dawley rats using object recognition test. Trial rats were injected intraperitoneally with an aqueous extract of P. glabra roots at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg for the acute (30 min) and subacute (7 days) studies. Scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg) was used as a positive control only in the acute study meanwhile control rats were injected with saline. The locomotor activity of rats was also determined in the same test. We demonstrated that groups treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of the extract lost their ability to discriminate the novel from familiar object in choice phase and did not alter the locomotor activity in both studies. Our results also indicated that the deficits in non-spatial working memory occured at these doses were not due to impaired locomotor activity.

Keywords: Aqueous extract; locomotor activity; non-spatial memory; object discrimination test; prismatomeris glabra

ABSTRAK

Ekstrak akues akarPrismatomeris glabra telah digunakan secara tradisi di Malaysia oleh Orang Asli dan penduduk Melayu luar bandar untuk kesan ergogenik, memelihara kesihatan dan meningkatkan stamina fizikal. Rebusan airnya juga digunakan sebagai afrodisiak sejak turun-temurun di kawasan pantai timur Semenanjung Malaysia. Kajian lepas menunjukkan bahawa tumbuhan yang memberi kesan ergogenik boleh bertindak sebagai perangsang dan mengganggu fungsi kognitif. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji kesan ekstrak ke atas memori bukan ruang tikus jantan Sprague Dawley menggunakan ujian diskriminasi objek. Tikus disuntik dengan ekstrak akues akar P. glabrasecara intraperitoneum pada dos 50 dan 100 mg/kg untuk kajian akut (30 minit) dan subakut (7 hari). Skopolamina (0.3 mg/kg) digunakan sebagai kawalan positif untuk kajian akut sahaja manakala tikus kawalan disuntik dengan salin. Aktiviti lokomotor tikus juga ditentukan dalam ujian yang sama. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa kumpulan rawatan yang disuntik dengan 50 dan 100 mg/kg ekstrakP. glabra masing-masing tidak berupaya membezakan objek baru dengan objek biasa dalam fasa pemilihan dan tiada kesan ke atas aktiviti lokomotor dalam kedua-dua kajian. Didapati gangguan memori bekerja bukan ruang yang berlaku pada kedua-dua dos ekstrak ini bukan disebabkan oleh gangguan aktiviti lokomotor.

Kata kunci: Aktiviti lokomotif; ekstrak akues; memori bukan ruang; prismatomeris globra; ujian membezakan objek

RUJUKAN

Angelucci, M.E.M., Vital, M.A.B.F., Cesario, C., Zadusky, C.R., Rosalen, P.L. & Cunha, C.D. 1999. The effect of caffeine in animal models of learning and memory. European Journal of Pharmacology 373(2-3): 135-140.

Azmi, N., Norman, C., Spicer, C.H. & Bennett, G.W. 2006. Effects of a neurotensin analogue (PD149163) and antagonist (SR142948A) on the scopolamine-induced deficits in a novel object discrimination task. Behavioural Pharmacology 17(4): 357-362.

Balandrin, M.F., Kinghorn, A.D. & Farnsworth, N.R. 1993. Plant-derived natural products in drug discovery and development. In. Kinghorn, A.D. & Balandrin, M.F. (eds.). Human Medicinal Agents from Plants. Washington: American Chemical Society.

Bertaina-Anglade, V.B., Enjaunes, E., Morillon, D. & Rochelle, C.D. 2006. The object recognition tesr in rats and mice: A simple and rapid model in safety pharmacology to detect amnesic properties of a new chemical entity. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 54(2): 99-105.

Besheer, J., Short, K.R. & Bevins, R.A. 2001. Dopaminergic and cholinergic antagonism in a novel-object detection task with rats. Behavioural Brain Research 126(1-2): 211-217.

Betz, J.M., White, K.D. & der Marderosian, A.H. 1995. Gas chromatographic determination of yohimbine in commercial yohimbe product. Journal of AOAC International 78(5): 1189-1194.

Childs, E. & Wit, H.D. 2006. Subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of acute caffeine in light, non dependent caffeine users. Psychopharmacology 185(4): 514-523.

Chittrakarn, S., Sawangjaroen, K., Prasettha, S., Janchawee, B. & Keawpradub, N. 2008. Inhibitory effects of the kratom leaf extract (Mitragyna speciosaKorth.) on the rat gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(1): 173-178.

Davis, A.P., Govaeris, R., Bridson, D.M. & Stoffelen, P. 2006. An annonated taxonomic conspectus of the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 152(4): 465-512.

Ennaceur, A. & Delacour, J. 1988. A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. Ι: Behavioral data. Behavioural Brain Research 31(1): 47-59.

Feng, Z.M., Jiang, J.S., Wang, Y.H. & Zhang, P.C. 2005. Anthraquinones from the roots of Prismatomeris tetrandra. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 53(10):1330-1332.

Giovannini, M.G., Bartolini, L., Bacciottini, L., Greca, L. & Blandina, P. 1999. Effects of histamine H₃ receptor agonists and antagonists on cognitive performance and scopolamine-induced amnesia. Behavioural Brain Research 104(1-2): 147-155.

Gyllenhaal, C., Merritt, S.L., Peterson, S.D., Block, K.I. & Gochenour, T. 2000. Efficacy and safety of herbal stimulants and sedatives in sleep disorders. Sleep Medicine Reviews 4(3): 229-251.

Horie, H., Nesumi, A., Ujihara, T. & Kohota, K. 2002. Rapid determination of caffeine in tea leaves. Journal of Chromatography 942(1-2): 271-273.

Jiang, J.S., Feng, Z.M. & Zhang, P.C. 2005. Chemical constituents from root of Prismatomeris tetrandra. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi30(22): 751-1753.

Kamarudin, M.S. 2008. Haji Samat. http://www.flickr.com/photos/kmatsalleh/2315524824/ [29 July 2010].

Kanokmedhakul, K., Kanokmedhakul, S. & Phatchana, R. 2005. Biological activity of Anthraquinones and triterpenoids from Prismatomeris fragrans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology100(3): 284-288.

Laviolette, S.R., Priebe, R.P.M. & Yeomans, J.S. 2000. Role of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in scopolamine-and amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour65(1): 163-174.

Lee, H.H. 1969. Colouring matters from Prismatomeris malayana. Phytochemistry 8(2): 501-503.

Lieberman, H.R., Tharion, W.J., Shukitt-Hale, B., Speckman, K.L. & Tulley, R. 2002. Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training. Psychopharmacology 164(3): 250-261.

Likhitwitayawuid, K., Dej-adisai, S., Jongbunprasert, V. & Krungkrai, J. 1999. Antimalarials from Stephania venosa, Prismatomeris sessiliflora, Diospyros montanaand Murraya siamensis. Planta Medica65(8): 754-756.

Mathur, A., Shandarin, A., Laviolette, S.R., Parker, J. & Yeomans, J.S. 1997. Locomotion and stereotypy induced by scopolamine: contributions muscarinic receptors near the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Brain Research 775 (1-2): 144-155.

Pitsikas, N., Rigamonti, A.E., Cella, S.G., Locatelli, V., Sola, M. & Muller, E.E. 2001. Efects of molsidomine on scopolamine-induced amnesia and hypermotility in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology 426(3): 193-200.

Poorheidari, G., Pratt, J.A. & Dehghani, N. 2002. Effects of low-dose scopolamine on locomotor activity: no dissociation between cognitive and non-effects. Neuroscience Research Communication 31(3): 165-174.

Reed, J.M. & Squire, L.R. 1997. Impaired recognition memory in patients with lesions limited to the hippocampal formation. Behavioural Neuroscience 111(4): 667-675.

Rudge, W. & Schifano, F. 2001. The abuse of stimulants in sports. Bolletino Farmacodipendenze el Alcoolismo 24(4): 65-69.

Schwartz, S. 2005. Psychoactive Herbs in Veterinary Behaviour Medicine. Australia: Blackwell Publishing.

Slik, J.W.F. 2006. Trees of Sungai Wain. http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/sungaiwain/ [29 July 2010].

Tu, D.J., Pang, Z.H. & Bi, N.J. 1981. Studies on constituents of Prismatomeris tetrandra. Yao Xue Xue Bao16(8): 631-634.

*Pengarang untuk surat menyurat; e-mail: azrina@pharmacy.ukm.my