Sains Malaysiana 39(4)(2010): 565–569

Analysis of Major Fragrant Compounds from Citrus grandis Flowers Extracts

(Analisis Sebatian Wangian Utama daripada Ekstrak Bunga Citrus grandis)

Zarina Zakaria*, Suhana Zakaria & Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak

School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis

UniMAP’s Academics Complex-Jejawi (3), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 24 Julai 2009 / Diterima: 13 Januari 2010

ABSTRACT

Various sampling techniques such as hydrodistillation, Soxhlet extraction and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) were used to extract compounds, i.e. the active components attributed to fragrance of C. grandis flowers. Gas chromatograph mass spectrometry was then used to identify and quantify the active components obtained from the techniques. The results thus far showed that, buds and blossoms of this flower which possesses a strong floral-, jasmine- and orange-like aroma contain β-myrcene, limonene, ocimene, linalool and caryophyllene as the major compounds. In hydrodistillation technique the levels of ocimene and linalool detected in blossom were higher than in the bud at 7.37 and 15.93%, respectively, while in the bud, limonene was the highest, i.e. 4.57%. In Soxhlet extraction, however the bud was found to consist of limonene (27.25%), ocimene (5.55%) and linalool (2.97%). The performance of three available SPME fibers was compared to evaluate the recoveries of volatile compounds in C.grandis flowers and 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane was found to be the most effective.

Keywords: Citrus grandis; fragrance; limonene; solid phase micro extraction

ABSTRAK

Pelbagai teknik persampelan iaitu penyulingan hidro, pengekstrakan Soxhlet dan pengekstrakan mikro fasa pepejal (SPME) telah digunakan bagi mengekstrak sebatian-sebatian komponen aktif yang terlibat kepada kewangian bunga C. grandis. Kromatografi gas spektrometri jisim kemudiannya digunakan bagi mengenalpasti dan mengukur komponen aktif yang diperolehi daripada teknik tersebut. Keputusan telah menunjukkan bahawa putik dan bunga ini, mempunyai aroma kuat menyamai keharuman bungaan, melor dan oren mengandungi β-mirsena, limonena, osimena, linalool and kariofilena sebagai sebatian utama. Dalam teknik penyulingan hidro ke atas bunga, kandungan osimena dan linalool telah dikesan lebih tinggi berbanding putik dengan peratusan masing-masing adalah 7.37 dan 15.93%, sementara di dalam putik, kandungan limonena adalah yang tertinggi iaitu 4.57%. Dalam pengekstrakan Soxhlet, keadaan adalah sebaliknya dengan kandungan limonena (27.25%), ocimena (5.55%) dan linalool (2.97%) di dalam putik adalah lebih tinggi. Prestasi ketiga-tiga fiber SPME juga telah dibandingkan daripada segi keupayaan mengukur sebatian meruap dari bunga C. grandis dan didapati 100 μm polidimetilsiloxane adalah paling berkesan.

Kata kunci: Citrus grandis; limonene; pengekstrakan mikro fasa pepejal; wangian

RUJUKAN

Alissandrakis, E., Daferera, D., Tarantilis, P.A., Polissiou, M. & Harizanis, P.C. 2003. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of volatile compounds from citrus flowers and citrus honey Food Chemistry 82: 575-582.

Augusto, F. & Valente, A.L.P. 2002. Application of solid phase microextraction to chemical analysis of live biological samples. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 21(6&7): 428-438.

Augusto, F., Lopes, A.L.E. & Zini, C.A. 2003. Sampling and sample preparation for analysis of aromas and fragrances. Trends in Chemistry 22(3): 160-169.

Bicchi, C., Drigo, S. & Rubiolo, S. 2000. Influence of fibre coating solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic analysis of aromatic and medicinal plants. Journal of Chromatography A892: 469-485.

Flamini, G., Cioni, P.L. & Morelli, I. 2003. Use of solid phase micro extraction as a sampling technique in the determination of volatiles emitted by flowers, isolated flower parts and pollen. Journal of Chromatography A. 998(1-2): 229-233.

Kim, N.S. & Lee, D.S. 2002. Comparison of different extraction methods for analysis of fragrances from Lavandula species by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography 982: 31-47.

Li, Z.G., Lee, M.R. & Shen, D.L. 2006. Analysis of volatile compounds emitted from fresh Syringa oblate flowers in different florescence by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 576: 43-49.

Lucchesi, M.E., Chemat, F. & Smadja, J. 2004. Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs: comparison with conventional hydro-distillation. Journal of Chromatography 1043: 323-327.

Morton, J.F. 1987. Pummelo: Fruits of Warm Climates. Florida: Florida Flair Books pp. 147-151.

Svoboda, K. P. & Greenaway, R.I. 2003. Lemon scented plants. The International Journal of Aromatheraphy 13(1): 23-32.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: zarinaz@unimap.edu.my