Sains Malaysiana 38(4)(2009): 511–520 

Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Total Phenolic Compounds from Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) Residues

(Pengoptimuman Parameter Pengektrakan Jumlah Sebatian Fenolik

daripada Residu Belimbing (Averrhoa carambola L.)

C.F. Yap¹, C.W. Ho^{1, *},  W.M. Wan Aida², S.W. Chan¹,

C.Y. Lee¹ & Y. S. Leong¹

¹Department of Food Science and Nutrition

Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University

No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights

56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

²School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology

Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia

Diserahkan: 8 Ogos 2008 / Diserahkan: 20 Disember 2008

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to optimize the extraction conditions for total phenolic contents (TPC) of star fruit residues using response surface methodology (RSM). By using Design Expert (Version 6.0.10, Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis) statistical software, a five-level, three-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to investigate the effects of three independent variables including solvent concentration, X1 (40-80%), extraction temperature, X2 (25-55°C), and extraction time, X3 (90-270 min) on total phenolic content. These independent variables were coded at three levels and their natural values chosen according to preliminary experimental results. In single factor experiments, 60% acetone, 180 minutes extraction time and 40°C extraction temperature were set as center points due to their highest TPC value, which were 2366.71, 2436.03, and 2510.95 mg GAE/100 g dry weight (DW) of star fruit residues, respectively. The results showed that the acetone concentration was statistically the most significant factor (p<0.01) and the optimal extraction conditions obtained were: acetone concentration, 65.34%; extraction temperature, 43.18°C; and extraction time, 233.51 min. Under the above-mentioned conditions, the experimental TPC was 965.65 ± 30.87mg GAE/100 g DW, which was well matched with the predicted value, 965.52 mg GAE/100 g DW.

Keywords: Central composite rotatable design; response surface methodology; total phenolic compounds; star fruit residues

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengoptimumkan parameter pengekstrakan jumlah sebatian fenolik daripada residu belimbing menggunakan Kaedah Permukaan Respons (RSM). Lima tahap, tiga faktor reka bentuk komposit putaran tengah (RKPT) digunakan untuk mengkaji kesan tiga faktor iaitu kepekatan pelarut, X1 (40-80%), suhu pengekstrakan, X2 (25-55°C) dan masa pengekstrakan, X3 (90-270 min) terhadap jumlah sebatian fenolik. Nilai ketiga-tiga faktor pengekstrakan ini dipilih berdasarkan kepada keputusan  ujikaji awalan. Dalam ujikaji faktor individu, aseton berkepekatan 60%, 180 min masa pengekstrakan dan 40°C suhu pengekstrakan ditetapkan sebagai titik tengah disebabkan oleh perolehan nilai jumlah sebatian fenolik yang tertinggi iaitu 2366.71, 2436.03, dan 2510.95 mg GAE/100 g berat kering (BK) daripada residual belimbing. Dari segi statistik, keputusan ini menunjukkan bahawa kepekatan aseton merupakan faktor yang paling signifikan (p<0.01) dan keadaan optimum pengekstrakan diperolehi ialah: kepekatan aseton, 63.54%; suhu pengekstrakan,43.18°C dan masa pengekstrakan, 233.51 min. Ujian pengesahan pada keadaan optimum tersebut menunjukkan jumlah sebatian fenolik ialah 965.65 ± 30.87 mg GAE/100 g berat kering (BK) sepadan dengan nilai dijangka iaitu 965.52 mg GAE/100 g berat kering (BK).

Kata kunci: Jumlah sebatian fenolik; kaedah respon permukaan; rekabentuk komposit putaran tengah; residu belimbing 

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: cwho@ucsi.edu.my