Sains Malaysiana 50(12)(2021): 3693-3703

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5012-19

A Brief Review on Hydrophobic Modifications of Glycol Chitosan into Amphiphilic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Drug Delivery

(Suatu Ulasan Ringkas pada Pengubahsuaian Hidrofobi Glikol Kitosan kepada Zarah Nano Amfifili untuk Penambahbaikan Penghantaran Dadah)

WAI MUN CHONG¹ & ERAZULIANA ABD KADIR¹*

¹Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Received: 16 March 2021/Accepted: 9 April 2021

ABSTRACT

Glycol chitosan (GC) is the chitosan derivative that is capable of forming amphiphilic nanoparticles upon structure modifications at the reactive functional amine group on the polymer sugar backbone. Owing to the hydrophilic feature of GC and hydrophobic moieties that can be added to the GC structure, modifiable nanosystems were constructed to entrap poorly soluble drugs, mostly chemotherapeutic agents and several anti-inflammatory, anaesthetic, immunosuppressant, and antifungal drugs for more efficient delivery of the payload to the target site and improving the intended therapeutic effects. This review highlights the various hydrophobic molecules used in the chemical modification of GC to create amphiphilic nanoparticles for hydrophobic drug delivery, along with the summary of their physicochemical criteria and successful therapeutic enhancement achieved with the application of the drug-loaded amphiphiles. The biodegradable, GC-based nanoparticles particularly having the inner hydrophobic core and outer hydrophilic shell are an efficient system for drug entrapment, protection and targeting to improve the bioavailability and safety of the drug, in particular for cancer treatment purposes. The significant drug delivery enhancements achieved by these various hydrophobically-modified GC nanoparticles may provide the insights for their further use in nanomedicine.

Keywords: Amphiphiles; drug delivery; glycol chitosan; hydrophobic drugs; nanoparticles

ABSTRAK

Glikol kitosan (GC) adalah bahan terbitan kitosan yang berupaya membentuk zarah nano amfifili dengan pengubahsuaian struktur kumpulan amina berfungsian reaktif pada tulang belakang gula polimer. Disebabkan sifat hidrofili GC dan moieti hidrofobi yang boleh ditambah pada struktur GC, nanosistem boleh ubah suai telah dicipta untuk memerangkap dadah kurang larut, kebanyakannya agen kemoterapi dan beberapa dadah antiradang, anestetik, imunosupresan dan antikulat untuk penghantaran bahan muatan tersebut ke tempat sasaran dengan lebih berkesan dan menambah baik kesan terapeutik yang dikehendaki. Ulasan ini menekankan pelbagai molekul hidrofobi yang digunakan dalam pengubahsuaian kimia pada GC untuk mencipta zarah nano amfifili dalam penghantaran dadah hidrofobi, berserta ringkasan kriteria fizikokimia dan penambahbaikan terapeutik yang berjaya dicapai dengan aplikasi amfifil berisikan dadah. Amfifil terbiodegradasikan berasaskan GC ini membentuk zarah nano secara khususnya mempunyai teras hidrofobi dan cangkerang hidrofili untuk pemerangkapan, perlindungan dan penyasaran dadah untuk menambah baik ketersediaan bio dan keselamatan dadah tersebut, secara khususnya untuk tujuan rawatan kanser. Penambahbaikan ketara dalam penghantaran dadah yang dicapai oleh pelbagai pengubahsuaian hidrofobi pada zarah nano GC ini mungkin dapat memberikan satu wawasan untuk penggunaannya yang lebih mendalam dalam bidang nanoperubatan.

Kata kunci: Amfifil; dadah hidrofobi; glikol kitosan; penghantaran dadah; zarah nano

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*Corresponding author; email: erazuliana@usm.my